Splitting Businesses to Avoid VAT

Newsletter issue - October 2011.

Now that the standard rate of VAT has been raised to 20%, some business owners are increasingly tempted to split their businesses into different entities, so the part with non-business customers or both parts falls under the compulsory VAT registration threshold when split. This enables them not to register to have to charge VAT to those customers. The Taxman is watchful of this type of tax planning and where he believes they have been artificially separated to avoid VAT, he will direct that the businesses should be re-aggregated.

A frequent target of the Taxman on business-splitting grounds are VAT-registered farms, where a member of the family runs a bed & breakfast business, which is not VAT registered, from the same location. He will argue that because some buildings have both a farm use and a B&B function, the two businesses are part of a whole and should come under one VAT registration.

Although the use of the same building can be a factor that indicates two businesses are connected, the Taxman is required to consider a range of factors to determine whether the businesses are genuine separate entities. He must judge whether each factor points towards one business, two separate businesses, or is neutral. If the majority of the factors are either neutral or point towards separate businesses, the Taxman should not direct that the businesses be combined for VAT purposes. If you are not happy with the Taxman's decision you can appeal to the Tax Tribunal.

Where you operate two or more businesses within your family, the following questions can help you decide whether the Taxman will challenge your businesses as being artificially split:

Is the business designed to operate as an individual business, despite utilising central resources, for example a franchised business?
Is the business so intrinsically linked with other 'connected' businesses that it can only be considered to be one indivisible business, for example wet sales and catering in public houses and restaurants?
Is the business carried on in separate departments or divisions, but is in reality one legal entity, for example a quasi partnership?
How much independence does the business have from any other 'connected' businesses by way of legal and technical resources?
Does the business owner have autonomy in the way he/she operates the business, for example access to premises, opening times, recording sales, purchase of stock and materials, bank accounts and annual accounts?
What would happen if the business owner was unable to operate their business personally?
Has the business owner registered the business with HMRC for corporation tax or income tax separately from those businesses that are 'connected'?
Is the business owner working together with their partner/spouse in his/her business as a quasi co-owner or just assisting them as a family member in their business?

The Taxman has the power to direct that two or more businesses should be treated as one business for VAT purposes, even where those businesses are contained within separate legal entities, such as limited companies. Please discuss your business structure with us if you think it could be challenged by the Taxman.